Archaeology of Black Holes: An Integrative Review on Supermassive Rotation and the Structural Evolution of the Early Universe
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15272453
Keywords:
Buracos Negros Supermassivos, Universo Primitivo, Spin, Evolução Galáctica, Acreção, CosmologiaAbstract
This study presents an integrative review on the rotation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their role in the structural evolution of the early universe, covering the literature from 2010 to 2025. The investigation maps the most robust evidence regarding supermassive rotation, critically evaluates the measurement methods (such as X-ray spectroscopy), and analyzes their repercussions at the micro (BH dynamics), meso (galactic coevolution), and macro (formation of large cosmic structures) levels. Results highlight the strong link between SMBH spin and their growth modes (continuous accretion vs. mergers), with observations (SDSS, X-rays) revealing populations of high-spinning SMBHs. The spin distribution emerges as a crucial element for understanding the coevolution of galaxies and black holes and the initial conditions of the universe. The study contributes to consolidating "black hole archaeology" as an emerging field, despite methodological and observational limitations, pointing to the potential of future technologies (gravitational waves, EHT). It is concluded that SMBH rotation provides fundamental clues about the cosmological order and may lead to the revision of prevailing models.
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